Sunday, April 2, 2017
Role of Journalism
Name: Gohil Umaba B
Roll No: 16
Email id: Umabagohil123@gmail.com
Paper No: 15 Mass Media
Topic: Role of Journalism
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Role of Journalism
Journalism is the activity of gathering, assessing, creating, and presenting news and information. It is also the product of these activities.
Journalism can be distinguished from other activities and products by certain identifiable characteristics and practices. These elements not only separate journalism from other forms of communication, they are what make it indispensable to democratic societies. History reveals that the more democratic a society, the more news and information it tends to have.
“The purpose of journalism,” write Bill Kovach and Tom Rosenstiel in The Elements of Journalism, “is not defined by technology, nor by journalists or the techniques they employ.” Rather, “the principles and purpose of journalism are defined by something more basic: the function news plays in the lives of people.”
News is that part of communication that keeps us informed of the changing events, issues, and characters in the world outside. Though it may be interesting or even entertaining, the foremost value of news is as a utility to empower the informed.
The purpose of journalism is thus to provide citizens with the information they need to make the best possible decisions about their lives, their communities, their societies, and their governments.‘Traditional media - like newspapers, radio or TV – are on a scary roller-coaster ride. They are struggling with a loss of audience, revenue and attention. Journalists are facing, like many other professions and industries, a digitalization of their business.
Journalists are also facing an era of active citizens and are overstrained. They not only need to understand the new public and their newly adopted behaviour.
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The most important function of journalism is to convey information.
Journalism also acts as a two-way channel between the public and policymakers.
On the one hand, journalism conveys information to the citizens about what is happening in society. On the other hand, journalism lets the policymakers know what kinds of effects their previous decisions have had and what kinds of decisions have been made elsewhere. Journalism also lets the policymakers
know what the public expects of them.
In addition to conveying information, good journalism also interprets the world. Journalism explains things and phenomena in an easy and accessible way, describes the cause-effect-relationships of events and provides background information on issues and decisions.
Journalism brings the events close to people’s everyday lives and shows
what kind of an impact they have on a regular citizen’s life.
Journalism’s functions also include the creation of a sense of solidarity in society, which can happen for example through large newsworthy events. Also, by establishing solidarity, journalism also aims to maintain peace in society.
Nowadays people’s consumption of media is not consistent. Instead, people tend to collect information from different sources. That is why ever larger news events are needed to affect people collectively. Assassinations, wars and acts of terrorism feel like turning points in history largely because of their wide news coverage.
Media has the power both to blow things out of proportion and to sweep them under the rug.Widely covered events become a part of history, and the audience following the events feel that they are experiencing a historical event.
Journalism also tries to whet people’s appetite for learning new things. Journalism entertains, evokes emotion and experiences. It offers new perspectives and stories which people can relate to.
The profession of journalism is a public and social occupation. Journalists as professionals both support and sustain the credibility of the decision-making system and maintain its functions. The role of a journalist and their position in relation to the use of social power is, however, a more complicated question.
The most important values of a journalist are impartiality, independence of commercial and political interests and responsibility.
Thus, even if a journalist handles social issues, s/he must not strive to be a political force. A reporter can present pointed opinions, but it has to be done separately from news work. Otherwise the credibility of the reporter as an independent conveyor of information is undermined and the audience can easily begin to respond to everything that the journalist in question does as biased. as contributors, but they also need to understand the audiences' desire to collaborate with journalists.
One solution of how this collaboration could look like is Networked Journalism, a concept where professionals and amateurs are working together to get the real story, linking to each other across brands and old boundaries to share facts, questions, answers, ideas, and perspectives.
v Types of journalism:
Journalism helps to explain the events that impact our lives and is developed in a number of forms and styles uses different techniques and writes for different purposes and audiences. So Journalism can be categorized into several types as enlisted below.
Now let’s elucidate these types in detail.
Ø Advocacy Journalism :
Advocacy journalism deals with writing to advocate particular viewpoints or influence the opinions of the audience. It also describes the use of journalism techniques to promote a specific political or social cause. Under this branch, journalists are openly biased towards a particular entity while reporting events or happenings. The information they convey is mostly one sided and tends to defend the specific entity. Most advocacy journalists believe that in their profession, one is very likely to become partial. As a constant follower of any story, it is difficult to stay detached. You eventually will develop an opinion! So instead of trying to be indifferent, one might as well report from his point of view.
Ø Broadcast Journalism :
Journalism which is the field of news and journals which are broadcast or in other words we can say that it is published by electrical methods, instead of the older methods such as printed newspapers and posters. Radio and television broadcasts are designed to get the news out to a wide variety of people in language that is much less formal than traditional print media.
Ø Investigative journalism:
Investigative journalism can be defined a type of journalism that tries to discover information of public interest that someone is trying to hide. it also includes serious crimes, political corruption or corporate wrongdoing. an investigative journalist may spend months or years researching and preparing a report.
Ø Tabloid Journalism:
It is very much important type of journalism. Tabloid journalism is a newspaper of small format giving the news is condensed form, usually with illustrated often sensational material. so it puts more stress on crime stories, astrology, gossip columns about the personal lives of celebrities and sports stars and junk food news. And it is this sense of the word that led to some entertainment news programs to be called tabloid television.
Ø Yellow Journalism:
It is one of the most significant types of journalism which highlights little or no legitimate well researched news and instead uses eyecatching headlines to sell more newspapers. Yellow journalism is also known as sensationalism and it is writing which emphasizes exaggerated claims or rumours.
Moreover, the term yellow journalism is used today as a pejorative to decry any journalism that treats news in an unprofessional or unethical fashion and Campbell (2001) defines yellow press newspapers as having daily multicolumn front page headlines covering a variety of topics, such as sports and scandal, using boldlayouts, heavy reliance or unnamed sources, and unabashed self promotions. And the term was extensively used to describe certain major New York City newspapers about 1900 as they battled for circulation.
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Critical analysis of Gabriel Okara's poem
Name :- Gohil Umaba B
paper 14 African Literature
Roll No : 16
Topic :- Critical analysis of Gabriel Okara's poem
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Gabriel Okara is a Nigerian writer. He was born in Nigeria, in April 1921. Okara may be described as highly original and uninfluenced by other poets. He has been extremely successful in capturing the moods, sights and sounds of Africa. His poems show great sensitivity, perceptive judgements and a tremendous energy. Okara also shows a concern regarding what happens when the ancient culture of Africa is faced with modern western culture, for example in his poem, 'Once Upon a Time'. Gabriel Okara
1. ONCE UPON A TIME
Gabriel Okara’s Once Upon A Time is about the artificiality of relationships and manners prevailing in the present day world. The past, according to the poet, is better than the present; because there were love, sincerity and faithfulness in the past. Now that in the present, everything has changed. Hence the poet wants to relive the past.
Once upon a time, the people used to laugh with their hearts and eyes. That is, there was genuineness in what they said and did. But in the present, there is only outward ‘teeth laugh’ without understanding the speaker’s real self. The eyes are described as ‘ice block – cold’. The people have become money minded and naturally develop their relationships with the rich. Even when shaking hands with others, they are very artificial and hence mechanical.
Guests are no longer welcome these days. They are given a warm reception only once. If they visit their friends or relatives thrice or more number of days, the doors are shut on them. In this material and artificial world, the poet has learnt many things – especially wearing many faces like putting on many dresses. One has to have ‘home face’, ‘office face’, ‘cocktail face’ and so on. All are fixed just like the portrait smile. As this is the way of the world, the poet – cum – speaker has also learnt laughter with teeth; the art of saying‘goodbye’ when he means ‘Good riddance’; ‘Glad to meet you’ when he is not glad; and ‘Nice talking to you’ when bored.
The poet wants to be like his son with all the exemplary conduct. He himself becomes the victim of the present showing ‘the fangs of a snake’. Towards the end of the poem, the poet appeals to his son to show him how to smile wholeheartedly. Desire to relive the past is nothing but a yearning for the innocence, faithfulness and sincerity. The poem is written as though a father were talking to his son.
2. The mystic Drum
The mystic Drum is okara’s love lyric. The Mystic Drum evinces a tripartite ritual pattern of imitation from innocence through intimacy to experience by comparison to the way of zone as manifested in the experience of Zen master Chin Yuan- wei-Asian this pattern resolves itself into an emotional and epistemic logical journey from conventional knowledge to learn of experiences empowers the lover to understand that beneath the surface attractiveness of what we know very well may lie an abyss of the unknown and unknowable belching darkness. But experience teaches us at this stage of substantial knowledge not to expose ourselves to the dangers of being beholden to this unknown and unknowable reality by keeping our passions under strict control including the prudent decision to ‘pack’ the ‘mystic drum’ of our innocence and evanescence making sure that it dose not beat so loud any more.
Okara mentions in one of his interviews that the mystic drum is essentially a have poem:
This was a lady I loved and she coyly was not responding directly but I adored her demeanor seemed a mask her true feelings at a distance she seemed adoring however on coming closer she was after all not what she seemed.
This lady may stand as an emblem that represents the lure of western life how it seemed appealing at first but the mystic drum and light.
“The mystic drum beat in my
And fishes danced in the rivers
And men and women danced on land
To the rhythm of my Drum.
“But standing behind a tree
With leaves around her waist
She only smiled with a shake of her head.
“the drum in African poems generally stands for the spiritual pulse of traditional African life the poet asserts that first as the drum beat inside him fishes danced in the rivers man and women danced on the land to the rhythm of drum but standing behind the three there stood and outsider who smiled with an air with quickened tempo. Compelling dead to dance and sing with their shadows. The ancestral glory over powers other outside rations so power full mystic drum that is brings back evens the dead alive. The rhythm of the drum is the aching for an ideal Nigerian state of harmony.
3. “Were I to Choose”
Gabriel Okara’s “Were I to Choose” is reminiscent of Yeats’ “Adam’s Curse.” Adam toiling in the soil can be compared to the Negros working in the soil. They broke the stone themselves which was their very foundation. The red streams are symbolic of the multilingual diversity that reaches the womb Africa.
In this poem Gabriel Okara wants to free himself from the imprisonment of his dark ‘halo that is generally considered as ‘blessed; but seems dark to him. His conflict is not being able to choose from the different languages. He is torn between worlds. The poet likens his predicament with mingling with dust during the month December to February in Nigeria. The throat is dry and he is unable to speak out. He is delirious ass the flames of torture are burning his existence. The colonial period has made the poet an amalgam of European and African Cultures, and now he finds himself in a no man’s land. He relishes the idea of resolving the crisis by seeking refuge in the silence of the grave. He then would be cheating the worms because he would enjoy that state of affairs so these are the things which are discussed by Gabriel Okara in this poem.
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characters in "The sense of an Ending"
Name :- Gohil Umaba B
paper 13 New literature
Topic :- characters in "The sense of an Ending"
Roll No : 16
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Tony Webster
Tony is the narrator of the novel. Tony is retired arts administrator and lives alone Tony is at the centre of the novel around whom the other characters are revealed. Tony’s life is stormed with many memories of his past 40 years. Tony attended school in the 1960s, and many of his memories centre on him and his friends grappling with the new sexual freedoms. In second part of the novel he re-evaluates the first part of his novel.
Tony Webster receives some amount and document from his ex- girl friend’s mother, he re-established contact with Veronica and tries to solve the puzzling questions. After meeting Veronica Ford and Tony evaluates his first narrated story. Tony makes some conscious observations about class, sex, repression and intellectuality. Tony, when narrated, had a daughter and grand-children. One cannot completely trust his memory because at the age of sixty all events of past cannot be recalled as what truly happened. Tony’s Webster in the novel narration can be called unreliable.
Tony is a type member of the British midd- middle class ,A baby beamer , educated at a solid ,undistinguished school , than Bristol for university rather than Oxbridge , followed by a steady career in a non creative corner of the arts . Tony concedes that part one is made up of his imperfect shabby memories which even as he writes he realizes are inaccurate. He’s had career and a single marriage, a calm divorce.
Tony certainly never tried to hurt anybody. Tony memory though , is imperfect . Tony doesn't get much closer to understanding than the rule he applies to love in old age once bitten ,twice bitten” .Though the narration of the sense of an ending , its protagonist Tony Webster teaches himself set of 1 lessons about the erratic itineraries . Tony had a reasonably good relationship with veronica . Tony still doesn’t understand veronica . Tony Webster , that consolation comes formed the sense of life lived it not thrillingly , than at least without blame .
Veronica Mary Elizabeth Ford
She is spiky and enigmatic ex-girlfriend of Tony. Her character is very complicated. Her behavior in her own house seemed mysterious. Later on she dated with Adrian who was Tonys intelligent friend. In the second part Tony tried hard to get some clues from Veronica about Adrian’s diary in possession of Sarah Ford.
She knew everything but did not revel anything. One can praise her unselfish act of taking care of mentally retarded Jr. Adrian. Her father was civil servant . About the character of Veronica five foot two with rounded , muscular calves, mid- brown hair to her shoulder ,blue-grey eyes behind blue-framed spectacles and quick at without smile .
Veronica who spent her younger life competing with her mother Sarah who has a unhealthy jealousy toward her daughter had made Veronica a shy , complex person which Tony saw as paranoid and 'bitchy'. veronica Mother' would not be happy with Veronica closeness with Tony Webster . Veronica’s mother Sara Ford does not have a healthy relation with her daughter .
veronicas family like that , alcoholic father ,lustful mother , a complex sister and a brother who doesn’t call his mother ,mother . Veronica wasn’t very different from other . Tony original relationship with veronica . Tony still doesn’t understand veronica.
Adrian Finn
Adrian is describe to be a quite an intelligent man and always thinking ahead of him . Adrian coming from a dysfunctional family , where his mother left his father clearly have some 'mummy issues' and as we read in the part 1 is a hyper sensitive man . Even though he was really happy with Sarah, creating another life due to his weakness and lust made him guilty and he saw the responsibilities ahead him due to his mistake. Adrian was a little more serious than the others . certainly more intelligent but they swore to stay friends forever.
Adrian Finn evaluated things philophically. He is a tall shy boy . He dated with his best friend’s ex-girlfriend Veronica. Who initially kept his eyes down and his mind to himself This was long before the term single-parent family ,come into use ; back than it was a broken home and Adrian was the only person we knew who come from one . certainly more intelligent but they swore to stay friends forever.
Adrian life took at urn into tragedy .Veronica and Adrian were seriously in love but Sarah managed to seduce Adrian and Adrian enjoyed his relationship with Sarah even though he also still loved Veronica .Adrian allowed himself to be absorbed into out group without acknowledging that it was something he sought .His diary was in possession of Sarah Ford Veronica’s mother. Adrian did suicide for which he gave philosophical reason.
Sarah Ford
Sarah ford the mother of Veronica ford . Indirectly lead Adrian to have a more meanful or more important relationship with Sara which lead to the formation of a baby. Sara who has a unhealthy relationship with Veronica. Sarah Ford jealousy of her daughter relationship with Tony Webster .
Sarah Ford to have a more manful , passionate relationship with Adrian that lead to the formation of a another life , a baby. When Sarah Ford died that time she gave 500 pounds to Tony ‘s in her will and gave her personal dairy.
Margret
Margret Tony’s Webster ex-wife Susie Eleanor Marriott .Eleanor Marriott is solicitor . Tony Webster and Margret’s daughter T . J. Gunnell . In the novel T .J . Gunnell was lawyer
Old Joe Hunt
Old Joe Hunt is History teacher Phil Dixon . Phil Diction English teacher Colin and Alex school friends of Tony and Adrian’s Jack . Jack is Veronica Brother
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